Article_5_4_2

ORAL MICROBIOLOGY
EFFECT OF POWDERED GREEN TEA MATCHA ON BIOFILM FORMATION
Original Article
BY MUTANS STREPTOCOCCI
Mochamad Fahlevi Rizal1,2a , Noboru Kaneko1a* , Hiroshi Ogawa1b
1
Division of Preventive Dentistry, Department of Oral Health Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Japan
2
Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia

DDS, PhD, Assistant Professor
a

DDS, MDSc, PhD, Professor and Head
b

ABSTRACT DOI: 10.25241/stomaeduj.2018.5(4).art.2
Introduction: Antibacterial ingredients with high safety and mild taste that can be OPEN ACCESS This is an Open
used for mouthwash for children are required. Matcha is one of the natural beverages Access article under the CC BY-NC
4.0 license.
that is made from the leaves of Camellia sinensis and widely consumed by Japanese and Peer-Reviewed Article
Asian people. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of matcha in suppressing
Citation: Rizal MF, Kaneko N, Ogawa H.
biofilm formation by mutans streptococci, typical cariogenic bacteria. Effect of powdered green tea matcha on
Methodology: Five laboratory strains of Streptococcus mutans (serotype c, e and f ) biofilm formation by mutans Streptococci.
Stoma Edu J. 2018;5(4):220-225.
and Streptococcus sobrinus (serotype d and g) were used to evaluate the antibacterial
Academic Editor: Mircea Ioan Popa
effect of matcha. Matcha extract was added to bacterial cells in Heart Infusion broth MD, PhD, Professor, Head Microbiology Depart-
supplemented with 1% sucrose (HIS). After incubation for 24 hours, the formed biofilm ment II, “Carol Davila”University of Medicine
and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
was dyed by Crystal Violet, and optical density at 490 nm was determined as the
Received: November 30, 2018
amount of biofilm formation. The effect of 0.02% chlorhexidine in HIS and MilliQ in HIS Revised: December 07, 2018
were also measured as well. Accepted: December 17, 2018
Published: December 18, 2018
Results: The amounts of biofilm formation by all serotypes of mutans streptococci in
*Corresponding author:
matcha + HIS were significantly lower than those in MilliQ + HIS as were chlorhexidine Assistant Professor Noboru Kaneko, DDS,
in HIS, except S. sobrinus serotype g. The differences of amounts biofilm formation by PhD, Division of Preventive Dentistry,
Department of Oral Health Science, Gradu-
all S. mutans (serotype c, e and f ) and S. sobrinus serotype d in matcha + HIS and in ate School of Medical and Dental Sciences,
Niigata University, 2-5274, Gakkocho-dori,
chlorhexidine + HIS were not significant statistically. Chuo-ku, Niigata City, Japan
Conclusion: Matcha extract has an equivalent effectiveness of 0.02% chlorhexidine Tel: +81 25 227 2857, Fax: +81 25 227
0807, e-mail: nkaneko@dent.niigata-u.
against most serotypes of mutans streptococci. ac.jp

Keywords: Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, chlorhexidine, green tea, Copyright: © 2018 the Editorial Council
mouthwash. for the Stomatology Edu Journal.

1. Introduction in the market in three forms: Loose leaf, bagged and
Efforts to obtain antibacterial ingredients that meet powdered (matcha) [6]. Matcha is generally consumed
the criteria of comfort, especially taste, are needed to in Japan as a beverage that has high anti-oxidants such
improve the quality of the oral cavity. Oral health is as flavonoids [7]. Many natural foods and beverages
inseparable from the normal flora balance of the oral that are commonly consumed by people in a region,
cavity in order to prevent the occurrence of caries such as honey in the tropical regions, olive oil, virgin
and gingivitis. The use of natural ingredients that coconut oil and others have been partially known to
are commonly consumed by the wider community have antibacterial effects especially in the oral cavity
in a place needs to be expanded in the functions of [8]. With many natural sources like ginger and garlic
maintaining public health, especially oral health [1]. that also have flavonoid and are commonly used in
The ease of getting it and the consumption habits Asia one needs to observe the antibacterial effect on
of the community makes it easy for materials like oral bacteria [9]. As a comparison, chlorhexidine has
this to be accepted by the community if proven to been used for many years as a strong antibacterial
have good effects on oral health. Because caries standard and is also used in dentistry for preventive
and gingivitis are also a problem in children in many measures and treatment but the taste becomes an
countries, especially with developmental disabilities, issue especially for children [10].
natural ingredients as an antibacterial for the oral The streptococci that are commonly related to the
cavity are urgently needed to be easily accepted by human caries process are Streptococcus mutans and
the child community, both in terms of safety and ease Streptococcus sobrinus. These cariogenic bacteria are
of use [2-4]. Each community has unique ingredients divided into 5 serotypes (c, e, f, d and g) [11]. There
developed in its area, but has not been utilized has been no study on the antibacterial effects of
optimally in addition to regular consumption of food matcha against each serotype of mutans streptococci.
and beverages [5]. It is expected that the results of research related
Green tea (Camellia sinensis) is commercially available to antibacterial from natural sources can be used

220 Stoma Edu J. 2018;5(4): 220-225. http://www.stomaeduj.com
EFFECT OF POWDERED GREEN TEA MATCHA ON BIOFILM FORMATION
BY MUTANS STREPTOCOCCI

Original Article
(a) (b)

Figure 1. Biofilm formation in NC (MilliQ alone), MQ (MilliQ + bacterial
cells in HIS) and PC (bacterial cells in HIS) by each strain of mutans
streptococci:
(a) S. mutans ATCC25175 serotype c,
(b) S. mutans LM7 serotype e,
(c) S. mutans OMZ175 serotype f,
(d) S. sobrinus ATCC33478 serotype d,
(e) S. sobrinus 6715 serotype g.

(e)

to prevent infection in order to minimize chemical ˚C overnight and then also sub-cultured in BHI broth.
substances [12]. This study aimed to evaluate the The bacterial solution was centrifuged and dissolved
effectiveness of matcha in suppressing biofilm in Heart Infusion broth (Becton Dickinson Maryland,
formation by each serotype of mutans streptococci. USA) supplemented with 1% sucrose (HIS) until it
reached 1 x 106 CFU/ml which was then used for the
biofilm assay as strain culture.
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Preparation of antibacterial solutions 2.3. Biofilm assay
As a matcha solution, 5 gram of powdered green The biofilm formation of each strain was evaluated
tea matcha (Itoen, Tokyo, Japan) was added to 100 using a 96 well plate. Each plate was divided into 5
mL of water at 100˚C and boiled for 15 minutes to areas of 12 wells and labeled as MT for wells that were
extract. Prior to use in the laboratory, the solution filled by matcha solution and strain culture, CHX for
was filtered using 0.20 µm Minisart filter (Sartorius, wells that were filled by 0.02% chlorhexidine and
Göttingen, Germany). The chlorhexidine solution strain culture, MQ for wells that were filled by MilliQ
used in this study was 0.02% and was prepared from and strain culture, NC for wells that were filled by
20% chlorhexidine gluconate (Wako Pure Chemical, milliQ alone as negative control and PC for wells that
Osaka, Japan). were filled by HIS and strain culture as positive control
(Table 2).
2.2. Culture of mutans streptococci After 24 hours of incubation, the culture supernatant
As mutans streptococci, we used 3 laboratory strains was discarded, and each well was washed twice with
of S. mutans (serotype c, e, f) and 2 laboratory strain 200 µL Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS). A 200 µL
of S. sobrinus (serotype d, g) (Table 1). Each strain volume of 0.5% crystal violet was then added and
from -80 ˚C stock was cultured in Brain Heart Infusion incubated at 37 ˚C for 15 minutes.
(BHI) broth (Becton Dickinson Maryland, USA) at 37 The remaining crystal violet solution was discarded, the

Stomatology Edu Journal 221
EFFECT OF POWDERED GREEN TEA MATCHA ON BIOFILM FORMATION
BY MUTANS STREPTOCOCCI

Original Article Table 1. Strains of mutans streptococci used in this study. Table 2. Composition of cultures for biofilm assay.
Strain Serotype Antibacterial Bacterial HIS MilliQ Total
Streptococcus mutans solution cells in HIS
ATCC25175 c (type strain) PC 0 µL 100 µL 100 µL 0 µL 200 µL
LM7 e MT 100 µL 100 µL 0 µL 0 µL 200 µL
OMZ175 f
CHX 100 µL 100 µL 0 µL 0 µL 200 µL
Streptococcus sobrinus
ATCC33478 d (type strain) MQ 0 µL 100 µL 0 µL 100 µL 200 µL
6715 g NC 0 µL 0 µL 0 µL 200 µL 200 µL
PC: positive control; MT: matcha solution; CHX: 0.02% chlorhexi-
dine gluconate; MQ: milliQ solution; NC: negative control

biofilm was washed once with 200 mL PBS, and then 200 strains of mutans streptcocci.
µL of 96% ethanol was added to each well. The optical This in-vitro research provides an overview of the
density of the biofilm formation was then measured at antibacterial effects of matcha on various strains
490 nm (OD490) using a microplate reader [13]. of mutans streptococci. Mutans streptococci are
considered as typical cariogenic bacteria [14,15].
2.4. Statistical analysis Mutans streptococci can be classified into five
The OD490 values evaluated as biofilm formation were serotypes, with dominant serotypes being slightly
compared between NC, MQ and PC to confirm the different locally. The effect of matcha against S.
validity of the measurement. Then OD490 values of MT, sobrinus serotype g was not significant among all
CHX, NC and MQ were compared to determine the mutans streptococci strains of serotype examined
differences in their effects on biofilm formation. In in this study. However, in oral cavity of humans
order to compare the differences, t-test and Bonferoni worldwide, S. sobrinus serotype g is not a type that
correction were used. found dominantly [16-19]. In other study S. sobrinus
All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS serotype g more resistance to chlorhexidine than S.
statistics 19 (IBM, USA); p values of 0.05 or less were mutans and S. sobrinus serotype d [20]. Therefore,
considered significant. matcha is thought to have the effect of inhibiting
biofilm formation for most of mutans streptococci
in oral cavity. One of the cariogenic properties
3. Results of these bacteria owes the high performance of
Fig. 1 shows OD490 values which mean amount of glucan synthesis to sucrose, which contributes to
biofilm formation of NC (MilliQ alone), MQ (MilliQ + the biofilm formation [21,22]. So, the effectiveness
bacterial cells in HIS) and PC (bacterial cells in HIS) of matcha in suppressing the biofilm formation by
by S. mutans (serotype c, e and f) and S. sobrinus mutans streptococci colonization was important to
(serotype d and g), respectively. The OD490 of PC be evaluated in this study. The better antibacterial will
showed significantly higher values than MQ, and suppress more types of strains, meanwhile caries are
those of MQ showed significantly higher values than not only caused by a single bacterial but related to the
NC in all strains (serotype c, e, f, d and g). biofilm activity involving many bacteria [23].
Fig. 2 shows OD490 values which mean amount of Chlorhexidine is a common ingredient as an
biofilm formation of MT (matcha solution + bacterial antibacterial agent and is widely used for
cells in HIS), CHX (CHX solution + bacterial cells in mouthwashes [24-28]. However, chlorhexidine has a
HIS), NC (MilliQ alone) and MQ (MilliQ + bacterial taste issue, and it has problems such as side effects on
cells in HIS), respectively. The OD490 of MT, CHX and the mucosa and tooth coloring, so it is not suitable for
NC showed significantly lower values than MQ and mouthwashes in children [29,30]. The concentration
no significant difference was found between MT, of chlorhexidine used clinically is 0.12% and 0.2%,
CHX and NC in all S. mutans (serotype c, e and f) and while in this study using a concentration of 0.02%. It
S. sobrinus (serotype d). In S. sobrinus serotype g, the was proved that the concentration of 0.03% was as
OD490 of MT showed lower value than MQ though effective as 0.12% or 0.2% concentration clinically
the difference did not reach statistical significance. [31-33]. The result of this study revealed that the low
The OD490 of CHX and NC showed significantly lower concentration of 0.02% chlorhexidine can inhibit
values than MQ and MT in S. sobrinus serotype g. biofilm formation of mutans streptococci.
Matcha has long been used for drinking and the
safety has been established. The requirements for
4. Discussion mouthwash that can be used by children are related
The OD490 of PC showed significantly higher values to safety issue [34,35]. It is also considered to have less
than MQ and those of MQ showed significantly higher problems with taste. Therefore, it is considered that
values than NC in all strains, which indicated that the matcha is suitable as an ingredient for mouthwash
biofilm assay used in this study could evaluate the for children. The bacteria investigated this time are
amount of biofilm formation adequately. The OD490 mutans streptococci and are strongly related to dental
of MT and CHX showed significantly lower values caries. However, there are many others bacteria in
than MQ and the differences between MT, CHX and the oral cavity related to dental caries and other oral
NC were not significant in all strains except S. sobrinus disease such as periodontitis. In this study, we did
serotype g. This means that the antibacterial effect not consider the influence on other such cariogenic
of matcha solution resemble CHX solution in most bacteria and periodontal disease related bacteria.

222 Stoma Edu J. 2018;5(4): 220-225. http://www.stomaeduj.com
EFFECT OF POWDERED GREEN TEA MATCHA ON BIOFILM FORMATION
BY MUTANS STREPTOCOCCI

Original Article
(a) (b)

Figure 2. Effect of matcha extract and chlorhexidine on biofilm
formation by each strain of mutans streptococci:
(a) S. mutans ATCC25175 serotype c,
(b) S. mutans LM7 serotype e,
(c) S. mutans OMZ175 serotype f, (
(d) S. sobrinus ATCC33478 serotype d,
(e) S. sobrinus 6715 serotype g.

(e)

Hereafter, it seemed necessary to investigate the Department of Oral Health Science, Graduate School
antibacterial effect on those bacteria. of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University.
The authors declare that the research was conducted
in the absence of any commercial or financial
5. Conclusion relationship that could be construed as a potential
Matcha has the equivalent effectiveness of 0.02% conflict of interest.
chlorhexidine against most serotypes of mutans
streptococci, namely S. mutans serotype c, e and f and
S. sobrinus serotype d. It is suggested that matcha References
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224 Stoma Edu J. 2018;5(4): 220-225. http://www.stomaeduj.com
EFFECT OF POWDERED GREEN TEA MATCHA ON BIOFILM FORMATION
BY MUTANS STREPTOCOCCI

Original Article
Mochamad Fahlevi RIZAL
DDS, PhD, Assistant Professor
Department of Oral Health Science Division of Preventive Dentistry
Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences
Niigata University, Niigata, Japan

CV
Mochamad Fahlevi Rizal is a Pediatric Dentist in Indonesia. He has been a lecturer in the Department of Pediatric Dentistry,
Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia since 1998. In 2018 he became visiting lecturer in the Niigata University and made
collaborative research with the Division of Preventive Dentistry, Department of Oral Health Science, Graduate School of
Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University.

Questions
1. Which was the matcha used in this study?
qa. 5 g in 100 mL water;
qb. 0.5 g in 100 mL water;
qc. 0.05 g in 100 mL water;
qd. 50 g in 100 mL water.

2. What species of mutans streptococci were used in this study?
qa. Streptococcus ferus and Streptococcus pneumonia;
qb. Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus;
qc. Streptococcus macacae and Streptococcus ratti;
qd. Streptococcus criceti and Streptococcus downei.
3. What was the antibacterial used to compare the effectiveness of matcha in this
study?
qa. Ethil alcohol 70%;
qb. Povidone iodine;
qc. Chlorhexidine;
qd. Gentian violet.

4. What was the result of this study?
qa. All strain of mutans streptococci were suppressed significantly by matcha;
qb. Only serotype c was suppressed significantly by matcha;
qc. Only serotype c, e, and d were suppressed significantly by matcha;
qd. Only serotype c, e, f, and d were suppressed.

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Stomatology Edu Journal 225